Migrations that cross organisational boundaries, which is most of them, are vulnerable to this pattern. Without a clear, centralised strategy and an unambiguous mandate for who leads it, individual teams optimise for their own goals. Each makes locally reasonable decisions. Collectively, those decisions produce an incoherent whole.

We have found a simple test for whether this pattern is active: ask five senior stakeholders, independently and without warning, to describe what the migration is for and what success looks like. In our experience, this test returns genuinely consistent answers in fewer than a third of programmes at the point when it first becomes worth asking.

Post-acquisition integrations are the most acute expression of this pattern. Two organisations, each with established ways of working and proprietary technology investments, are asked to converge. Without a decision, made explicitly, with authority, and early, about who leads and on what terms, both will defend their existing approach. The result is not integration. It is parallel operation with a shared name and a growing reconciliation bill.